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الزام امنیتی: بازدارندگی هستهای و دیپلماسی پاکستان
Compiler & Author: Zamir Akram
This book examines Pakistan’s nuclear policy and the strategic logic behind its deterrence doctrine. Zamir Akram draws on his diplomatic experience to analyze the evolution of Pakistan’s nuclear program and its engagement with the international community. He discusses the role of regional rivalry, particularly with India, in shaping security policy. The book offers a strategic insight into the relationship between national security and diplomacy.
Nehru, the interim Prime Minister of India, declares that "there are only four great powers in the world - the United States, the Soviet Union, China, and India" and states India's intention to use atomic energy for peaceful purposes, but to defend itself with all means if threatened.
The emergence of Pakistan as an independent country.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, passed away.
Liaquat Ali Khan, the Prime Minister of Pakistan, was assassinated.
Dr. Rafi Chaudhry launched a 1.2 megavolt nuclear particle accelerator in Pakistan.
Dr. Rafi Chaudhry established a high voltage laboratory at Government College Lahore for nuclear research.
India's first research reactor, ASPARA, was built with British assistance. From 1955 to 1974, over a thousand Indian scientists and engineers were trained in the US under the 'Atoms for Peace' program.
The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) was established with Dr. Nazir Ahmad as its first chairman.
Pakistan and the United States signed an agreement to supply a research reactor and assist in its design, construction, and operation. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was established to ensure safeguards and international oversight.
India signed a nuclear cooperation agreement with the Soviet Union.
The Sino-Indian War led to U.S. military aid to India and pressure on Pakistan not to exploit the situation in Kashmir.
Ratification of the Limited Test Ban Treaty.
Lal Bahadur Shastri, Prime Minister of India, approved a nuclear test plan.
The Indo-Pakistani War. The United States cut military supplies to both countries.
137 MW in Karachi, Pakistan (KANUPP) was approved.
"If India builds the bomb, we (Pakistanis) will eat grass, even go hungry, but we will have one of our own."
Bhutto formed a nuclear working group in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Ratification of the Outer Space Treaty.
Ratification of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
The NPT came into force.
The war between India and Pakistan led to the separation of East Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh.
Bhutto, President and later Prime Minister of Pakistan, convened a meeting of nuclear scientists in Multan, tasking them to accelerate the nuclear program.
Pakistan signed an agreement with the French company Saint Gobain Techniques Nouvelles (SGN) for the preliminary design of a large-scale reprocessing plant.
India detonated its first nuclear device (Operation Smiling Buddha). This event led to the nuclearization of South Asia.
"We will never allow Pakistan to fall victim to nuclear blackmail."
PAEC began work on the Chemical Production Complex (CPC) to produce natural uranium dioxide for fuel fabrication.
Bhutto signed a strategic agreement with China that included civilian nuclear cooperation.
General Zia-ul-Haq's 'Islamization' policy began in Pakistan.
The bomb design in Pakistan was completed.
Assassination of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.
PAEC announced Pakistan's self-sufficiency in nuclear fuel production from natural uranium.
An earthquake in September 1981 caused the collapse of about 4,000 centrifuges at the Kahuta plant.
'Proximity talks' under UN auspices began in Geneva for Afghanistan.
India prepared to attack Pakistan's nuclear facilities.
Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan publicly announced in an interview with 'Qaumi Digest' that Pakistan had acquired the capability to enrich uranium to weapons-grade.
Mikhail Gorbachev came to power.
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An agreement was signed between Pakistan and China to build two 325 MW power reactors at Chashma.
Arshad Pervez incident; a Canadian citizen of Pakistani origin was arrested for attempting to illegally export maraging steel to Pakistan.
Official signing of the agreement between India and Pakistan not to attack each other's nuclear facilities.
The Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan.
The United States imposed Pressler sanctions on Pakistan.
The First Gulf War against Iraq.
India and Pakistan signed an agreement to not acquire, develop, deploy, or use chemical weapons.
Bill Clinton became the President of the United States.
The United States offered a one-time waiver for F-16 delivery in exchange for "containing" Pakistan's nuclear program.
Benazir Bhutto visited the United States.
Bill Clinton signed the Brown Amendment.
The construction of the Khushab-2 plutonium production reactor was completed.
India conducted nuclear tests in Pokhran (Operation Shakti).
SRR) to the United States.
between Pakistan and the USA.
India and Pakistan signed the "Lahore Declaration" and "Memorandum of Understanding".
Bill Clinton lifted sanctions against India and Pakistan.
General Musharraf removed Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan from his position as head of KRL.
The December 2001 attack led to military tensions between Pakistan and India in 2002.
Mysterious killing of 35 Sikhs in Chittisinghpura village in Indian-controlled Kashmir.
The American journalist was kidnapped and murdered in January 2002.
U.S. invasion of Iraq in March 2003.
Next Steps in Strategic Partnership Agreement (NSSP) signed between India and the United States.
New defense agreement between India and the United States.
Construction of three reprocessing plants at Chashma and Nilore began.
Pakistan issued an official statement on the India-U.S. nuclear deal.
Balaji Amines Ltd and Prachi Poly Products Ltd were sanctioned under the Iran Nonproliferation Act.
Terrorist explosion on the Samjhota Express train in India.
Musharraf resigned in August 2008.
Lugar-Berman bill.
Barack Obama became President of the United States.
Passed in the United States Congress.
Obama visited India.
Obama announced the "Pivot to Asia" strategy.
Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement).
e-Azab در پاکستان علیه TTP.
FSD) خود را اعلام کرد.
The second Nuclear Security Summit was held in Seoul.
General Khalid Kidwai announced the completion of Khushab III and IV reactors.
The third Nuclear Security Summit was held in The Hague.
Obama visited India.
The fourth Nuclear Security Summit was held in Washington.
LEMOA was signed between India and the United States.
Donald Trump became the President of the United States.
Pakistan formally applied for membership in the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG).
Terrorist attack in Pulwama, India.
First case of COVID-19 in Pakistan.
U.S.-Taliban agreement in February 2020.
Revelation of India's 'false flag' operation in Pulwama/Balakot attack.
Completion of the book "Security Necessity" by Zameer Ikram.
Visit of Pakistan's Prime Minister, Imran Khan, to China.
Issued on February 4, 2022.
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